Optional vena cava filters can used to provide either short-term or permanent protection from pulmonary embolism. These devices have recently become available for clinical use in the United States.

The assessment of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and central venous pressure (CVP) has emerged as a pivotal aspect in the optimisation of haemodynamic management across a range of clinical settings.

Optional vena cava filters are a potentially important addition to the treatment of VTE. Although the clinical benefit of filter removal remains to be proved in prospective, randomized, controlled ...