Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced naturally during cellular metabolism often cause oxidative damage to cells. However, these molecules also play an important role in normal cellular signaling.

Metacaspases, cysteine proteases in plants, are traditionally linked to programmed cell death (PCD) but also have emerging roles in cellular homeostasis and pro-survival functions. Under abiotic ...

Plasmodesmata (PD) are membranous nanopores that connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells and enable the cell-to-cell trafficking of nutrients and macromolecules, as well as invading viruses.

What makes them unique: Plant cells have structures like cell walls, large vacuoles, and chloroplasts, enabling photosynthesis and giving them shape and strength unlike animal cells. How they capture ...

Directed evolution is a laboratory technique that mimics natural selection and allows scientists to evolve genes and the proteins they encode. Traditionally, this technique has been used in microbes, ...