In feedback and control systems, individual subsystems are composed of input and output, which are represented by blocks. Complicated systems are comprised of many subsystems that are interconnected ...

The discovery of causal relations is a basic and universal task across all scientific disciplines. The very nature of causal relations, however, has been a long-standing subject of controversies with ...

Many biological, technological, and social systems can be effectively described as networks of interacting subsystems. Typically, these networks are not isolated objects, but interact with their ...

Because of the cornerstone importance of PLLs to an SoC design, this article considers the various challenges in the design of PLL subsystems, and discuss architectural solutions. The PLL subsystem is ...