We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors ...

In the field of mining engineering, ensuring the safe operation of mines is of utmost importance, and the stability of the backfill materials plays a pivotal role. This research comprehensively ...

Deformation occurs universally across nature and engineering, critical for safety and performance in structures and biomedical applications. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is an optical technique ...